This book systematically integrates fossil records of primates since the Pliocene to illustrate their dispersal and radiation routes in East Asia and reconstruct historical changes in their distribution using Chinese literature records. This book mainly compiles contemporary records of 28 primate species (classified under 3 families and 8 genera) with confirmed distribution within China as of August 2022. Each species entry documents critical parameters including geographical range, population estimates, current habitat status, and key threats impacting their survival. For species with global distributions, the work incorporates official IUCN Red List of Threatened Species assessments. Regarding China-endemic species, dedicated threat evaluations have been conducted following standardized criteria. Synthesizing these findings, this book proposes prioritized conservation measures for key Chinese primates. Furthermore, it develops comprehensive protection strategies informed by the integrated dataset, ultimately aiming to provide a scientific foundation for endangered status evaluations and evidence-based conservation management.